Abstract

Three-dimensional digitization has become a crucial tool for documenting, preserving, and analysing cultural heritage, with growing impact on classical sculpture. Key methodologies include laser scanning, valued for precision; photogrammetry, accessible though less detailed; and structured light, which balances accuracy and efficiency. Hybrid approaches are increasingly used to optimize results.

Applications extend from iconographic and stylistic studies to material analysis and polychromy reconstruction, integrating diverse data into coherent 3D models. These enable virtual visualization of original appearances, analysis of production techniques, and reconstruction of damaged sculptures through digital restoration and 3D printing. Such practices enrich research, education, and museum narratives without endangering the originals.

Challenges remain, particularly the lack of standardized protocols and the high costs of high-resolution technologies. Yet, advances like smartphone-based photogrammetry are making digitization more accessible. Overall, 3D technologies are transforming the study and preservation of Greco-Roman sculpture, though broader impact depends on affordable, standardized, and widely shared methodologies.